If you follow the definitions, using visual studio's built in 'go to definition' feature, you should find that 'sah_complex' is defined in 's_util.h' as:
typedef float sah_complex[2];
the first float being the real part of a complex single precision value, and the second float being the imaginary part. This is standard arrangement for a single precision complex numerical value.
The splitter bits to float functionality, is derived directly from radio techniques using some quadrature encoding technique beyond my skill base (otherwise known as 'black magic'). I would not be surprised, though, if Arecibo and Berkeley's methods used in those mechanisms were unique in their encoding schemes, given the age of the installation, and the numerous upgrades & refinements over the years.